Dance
Coventry has a wealth of dance clubs and groups, covering a wide range of dance styles - from cheerleading to salsa and from ballet to morris dancing.
If you would like to promote your dance club or group here, e-mail the details to us and we will do our best to include them. e-mail:
cultureandleisure@coventry.gov.uk
Abbey School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Modern, Acro, Singing, Stage
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: St Bartholomew’s Church, Binley. Wyken Reformed Church, Hocking Road.
Contact: Gill Rogers
Telephone: 02476 453201
ABS* Latin Promotions
Dance styles: Salsa and Samba Dances. Folklore Dances from Peru, Mexico and from all Latin American Countries. Dance workshops for festivals and any other events. Also special dance workshops for school children and for children/adults with disabilities.
Age group: Classes available for all ages
How to find us: At various venues.
Contact: Annie Bazan-De-Fisher
Telephone: 0121 449 3090
Email:
annie@abslatin.co.uk
Website:
www.abslatin.co.uk (external)
Adult Education Service Dance Courses
Dance Styles: Salsa, Country Line, Latin in Line, Tap, Ballroom, Bhangra
Age Groups: Adults
How to find us: At Community venues in the West, East and Central Coventry
Contact: Anne-Louise Blower
Telephone: 024 7684 0818
Email:
a.blower@finhampark.co.uk
Alaine Academy of Dance
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Acro, Modern, Singing
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: St Philip’s Church Hall, Ringwood Highway.
Contact: Debbie Ryan
Allesley School of Dancing
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Jazz, Singing, Musical Theatre, Adult Tap, Drama
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: The Studio, The Bridle Path, Allesley Village.
Contact: June Pughe
Telephone: 01926 632291/07860 149284
Bulkington Blue Jean Bop
Dance Styles: We teach rock & roll, swing jive and traditional 50s jive
Age group: All ages
How to find us: We meet every other Sunday evening at Bulkington War Memorial Club, School Lane Bulkington- just outside Coventry.There's no need to book ahead, and no need for a partner. Every one is always welcome to come along. The premises have a licensed bar for refreshments and we're in a private room with a large sprung wooden dance floor and a great specialist rock & roll DJ.
Contact: For further information please contact Nicola or Irene on 024 7666 1274 or email
bulkingtonbluejeanbop@hotmail.co.uk
Bromwell Academy of Dancing
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern and all aspects of theatre work undertaken
Age group: 2½ years upward and GCSE and A level dance students
How to find us: Bell Green Community Centre, Old Church Road.
Contact: Kath Grimbley
Telephone: 024 7663 6235
Cee-jay Sequence Dance Club
Dance styles: Sequence Dance
Age group: Adults
How to find us: Lillington Community Centre, Lillington, Nr. Leamington Spa.
Contact: John and Celia Higgins
Telephone: 01926 429287
Ceroc
Dance styles: CEROC is the fastest growing dance phenomenon in the country. This fusion of Jive and Salsa is easy to learn, sociable and fun, and can be danced to any music with a regular beat. A CEROC evening provides a great way to meet people, have fun and keep fit.
How to find us: CTK Centre, Westhill Road.
Contact: John Baker
Telephone: 01684 850305
Cheerleading Factory (inc Phoenix Cheerleaders)
Dance Styles: Cheerleading, Street Dance
Age Group: 2 years upwards
How to find us: Wood End Community Centre, Wood End
Contact: Kim Nurden
Telephone: 07788 728473
Chorley School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern, Jazz, Contemporary
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: United Reformed Church Hall, Woodway Lane.
Contact: Claire Chorley
Telephone: 024 7641 9669/07917 207 789
Clifford Academy of Irish Dance
Dance styles: Irish Dancing
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: St Mary’s Church Hall, Raglan Street. Far Gosford Park Hotel, St George Road.
Contact: Kathleen Clifford
Telephone: 024 7641 8888
Corriedon Scottish Country Dancing Group
Dance styles: The Corriedon Scottish Country Dancing Group promotes the learning and enjoyment of Scottish Country Dancing (this is social dancing not solo Highland dancing). Any adult capable of this often energetic dancing is welcome to join - there is a weekly fee of £1.50 and also an annual membership fee of £1. A weekly class, for members only, is held on Mondays at 7.30pm between September and June. This normally held at Styvechale Grange Church Centre, except on the 4th Monday of each month when the group meets at St. Barbara's Church Hall, Rochester Road, Earlsdon, Coventry. The group is affiliated to Royal Scottish Country Dance Society
How to find us: 17 Rosaville Crescent, Allesley, Coventry, CV5 9BP
Contact: Mr. L. Bulmer - Secretary
Telephone: 024 76 402927
Coventry Cheer and Dance Academy
Also see Cov Squad (Coventry’s Regional and National Cheer Athlete and Dance Team). Affiliated to The British Cheerleading Association, NCSSE Master Level (International qualification). Sessions held by coaches from The Cov Squad (Coventry Team, currently hold 3 National and 2 Regional Titles, and a World Record. Also qualified to
represent Coventry at the World Championships in the USA, April 2007). Training for all standards: Pre-School (age 3), novice to Advanced level
Dance Styles: cheerleading, stunt, tumbling, pyramids, (gymnastic and acrobatic dance)
cheer dance, street dance, modern jazz, hip-hop and cheer stomp
The Academy offers the following:
- cheering for fun sessions
exam syllabus with medal tests and progress awards
- opportunity to perform at public events
- cheerleaders who would like to compete at Regional and National level can
progress to The Cov Squad, to represent the city at future Championships.
Teacher training programme. Minimum age 16. Gain hands on experience, assisting Head Coach, learning all aspects of coaching, choreography and squad management for International coaching qualification with BCA
How to find us: Centre AT7, Courthouse Green, Coventry, training every Saturday.
Contact: Tereen Lynas, Head Coach/Choreographer (US All Stars Federation, A.A.D, IDTA)
Telephone: 024 7663 7352
Email:
Tereenlynas@hotmail.co.uk
Coventry Dynamite Cheerleaders
Dance Styles: Dance and stunting taught by qualified coaches. All age groups welcome!
How to find us: Radford Primary school on a Tuesday and Thursday.
Contact: Sara Biggs on 024 7633 7034
Website:
www.dynamitediamonds.co.uk
Coventry Folk Dance Club
Dance styles: The Coventry Folk Dance Club promotes the enjoyment of traditional and more contemporary forms of folk dancing. Meetings are 2nd and 4th Wednesdays in the month from 8.00pm - 10.15pm at the Sphinx Club, Stoke, Coventry, (Admission £2.00). We dance usually to local musicians with instructions given by local callers. We break for the summer at the end of June until 4th Wednesday in September. Dances are suitable for beginners or the experienced. Anyone is welcome to join (although people with a physical disability may find if difficult to cope with). We can also offer advice on barn dances - how to set them up - arranging callers and bands for barn dances etc.
How to find us: 20 Bexfield Close, Allesley Village, Coventry, CV5 9BL
Contact: David Hancox - Chairperson
Telephone: 024 76 403158
Coventry Performing Arts Service
Dance styles: Contemporary dance (beginner and advanced), beginner jazz for over 16s and adults, adult tap, adult ballet, auditioned Youth Dance Company and Boys Youth Dance Company, PALS (Performing Arts for Little Singers) includes dance, drama and singing.
Age group: Various - for children and adults
How to find us: After school groups and evening classes held at various venues across the city, please call us for details
Contact: Performing Arts Service, City College, Tile Hill Centre, Tile Hill Lane, Coventry CV4 9SU
Telephone: 024 7669 5300
Email:
admin@pas.coventry.gov.uk
Coventry School of Indian Classical Music and Dance
Dance styles: Kathak dance, Tabla, Santoor/ Eshraj, Harmonium/ Vocol, Sitar/ Pukhawaj, Flute/ Dhol/ Ghatam, Tasha/ Naal
Age group: Classes are open to all ages
How to find us: The Harp Place Hall, 2 Sandy Lane. Saturday from 10:45am to 1:00pm
Contact: Kuldip Aggarwal and Anil T. Mistry
Telephone: 024 7645 0952 / 024 7641 0015
Coventry Sports Trust
Dance styles: Line, Tap and Sequence Dancing
Age group: Adults
How to find us: Coventry Sports and Leisure Centre, Fairfax Street. Foxford Leisure Centre. Foxford School. Foleshill Sports and Leisure Centre, Livingstone Road
Telephone: 024 7625 2522
Coventry University Performing Arts
Dance styles: 3 year Contemporary Dance based BA Honours Course
Age group: 18 years upward
How to find us: Ellen Terry Building, Gosford Street.
Telephone: 024 7688 7447
The Crew - Coventry's Cheerleaders
Dance styles: Coventry's Cheerleaders aims are: to promote Coventry, its sporting events & any other event we are asked to represent through cheerdance & promotional style means. The squad train at St. Nicholas Church Hall, Sherwood Jones Close, Radford, Coventry - Thursdays 5.00-7.30pm. Girls 14 & over who can dance & have the right attitude are welcome to join. Coventry Cheerleaders is affiliated to UK Cheerleading Association.
Contact: Sharyne Barson - Coach/Choreographer
Telephone: 024 7633 5469
Dance Education Limited
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: Hearsall School, Kingston Road. Exhall Old School Community Centre, School Lane. Allesley and Stivichall Primary School
Contact: Michelle Leivers
Telephone: 024 7636 2808
Website:
leiversmichelle@hotmail.com (external)
Daniels Dance Academy
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Theatre Craft, Modern, Jazz, Disco, Drama. Boys and Adult classes in Theatre Craft and Ballroom
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Abbey Hill United Reformed Church, Abbey Road, Kenilworth.
Contact: Vicki Daniels
Telephone: 024 7667 8677
Debut Academy of Dance and Drama
Dance styles: Tap, Modern, Ballet, Acro, Singing, Drama
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: Transport and General Workers Union Building, Short Street, Parkside.
Contact: Linda Lockett
Telephone: 07889 977311
Delveens School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Modern, Acro
How to find us: 94 Jackers Road, Aldermans Green.
Telephone: 024 7672 7587 / 07906 404 525
Discoland School of Dance
Dance styles: Free Style, Hip Hop, Street Dance
Age group: 4-40 years
How to find us: Jaguar Sports and Social Club, Capmartin Road, Radford. Coundon Methodist Church. Wyken Working Men’s Club
Contact: Joanne Walker
Telephone: 07971633732
Dodge City Western Dance Club
Dance styles: Line Dancing
Age group: Adult Classes
How to find us: Various venues
Contact: Linda Stephenson
Telephone: 024 7636 4891
Doherty Academy of Irish Dancing
Dance styles: Irish Step Dancing
Age group: 4 years upward
How to find us: Various venues
Contact: Danny Doherty
Telephone: 024 7654 5091
Earlsdon Morris Men
Dance styles: The Earlsdon Morris Men promote and exhibit North West Clog Morris Dancing. Membership is restricted to men only. The group meets every Tuesday evening to practice. The group is affiliated to The Morris Ring.
How to find us: Earlsdon Cottage, 24 Warwick Street.
Contact: Secretary & Treasurer - (Bagman)
Telephone: 0121 355 6818
Contact Times: Evenings and weekends only.
Edgar School of Dance
Dance styles: Sequence Dancing
Age group: 60+
How to find us: Standard Triumph Sports Club. Potters Green Community Centre. Wyken Community Centre
Contact: Mrs Irene Edgar
Telephone: 024 7650 3397
Edlin Joseph
Dance styles: Salsa Dancing
Age group: Classes available for all ages
How to find us: The Hare and Hound, Watery Lane, Keresley.
Contact: Edlin Joseph
Telephone: 07958 658 253
Website:
www.simplesalsa.com (external)
Finham School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Styvechale Grange Church Centre, Lonsdale Drive.
Contact: Jayne Cox
Telephone: 024 7667 5881/07703 599 835
Freeman Dance School
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Modern, Acro, Adult Tap, Street, Irish
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: Cheylesmore Community Centre. Saturdays.
Contact: Jill Freeman
Telephone: 07814 024 030 / 07779 733649
Gemini Dance Academy
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: St Nicolas Church Hall, Sherwood Jones Close, Radford.
Contact: Sharyne and Gary Barson
Telephone: 024 7633 5469
Harold and Pat Taylor
Dance styles: Ballroom and Latin American
Age group: 14 years upward
How to find us: St Giles Church Hall, St Giles Road, Exhall.
Contact: Harold and Pat
Telephone: 024 7672 5707
Hathaway Dance Studio
Dance styles: Modern Ballroom, Latin American
Age group: 18 years upward
How to find us: 74B Far Gosford Street.
Contact: Morris and Susan Lowe
Telephone: 024 7622 6168
Hulme Academy of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Modern, Acro
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Chater Primary School, Prior Deram Walk, Canley. St Joseph the Worker Church, Cannon Park.
St James Church, Abbey Road, Whitley.
Contact: Mary Hulme
Telephone: 024 7641 6681
Website:
johnmary@hulme128@fsnet.co.uk (external)
Inspire School of Dance
Classes are held in Ballroom Latin & Freestyle for all abilities by an IDTA
qualified teacher. The Saturday morning classes cost £2.50 per week.
Dance styles: Ballroom, Latin & Freestyle
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Hearsall Baptist Church, Queensland Avenue, CV5 9FE
Contact: Kelly-Marie Barker
Telephone: 024 7647 1986
Email:
kelly_marie_barker@hotmail.com
Italia UK
Dance styles: Dance, Singing, Acting and Personal Fitness
Contact: Kelly McGovern
Telephone: 07787 543 707
E-mail:
Kelly@italiauk.fsnet.co.uk
Jaguar Sport and Social Club
Dance styles: Modern and Sequence, Line Dancing
Age group: 25 years upward
How to find us: Jaguar Sports Club, Capmartin Road, Radford.
Contact: Betty West
Telephone: 024 7639 5661
Contact Times: Saturday 8am to 11am
athy Stokes School of Dance
Dance styles: Ballet, Modern, Jazz, Theatre Craft, Tap
Age group: 3 years upward and Adult Classes
How to find us: 8 Park Road, City Centre, Earlsdon Methodist Church Hall.
Contact: Kathy Stokes
Telephone: 024 7646 0082
Klassique Dance Academy
Dance styles: Tap, Modern, Ballet, Jazz, Acro, Gym
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Scout Hut, Partridge Croft, Little Heath
Contact: Karl Herbert
Telephone: 07930 610 374
Laura Chater Dance Academy
Dance Styles: Hip Hop, Acrobatics, Tap, Ballet and Modern. Separate classes
held for pre-schoolers (2- 4 years), beginners and experienced dancers.
Age Group: 2 - 16 years
How to find us: Wyken Parish Hall, Wyken
Contact: Laura Bentley
Telephone: 079837 02213
E-mail:
laurachater@hotmail.com
Leamington and Warwick Academy of Dance
Dance styles: IDTA Ballet, Tap, Modern Jazz
How to find us: 1 Kineton Road, Wyken.
Contact: Viv Kibble and K Wright
Telephone: 0192 632 021
Website:
www.lwad.co.uk (external)
Line Dance Classes
Dance styles: Line Dancing
Level: Beginner Level/All ages (absolute beginners are always welcome!)
How to find us: St. Christophers Church Hall, Winsford Avenue, Allesley Park, Coventry
Time: Wednesdays 7:15 - 8:45pm
Price: £2.50 adults/£1.50 children
Contact: Jenna Pogue (qualified Line Dance Instructor)
Telephone: 07979786345
Email:
LDJEN07@aol.com
Web:
www.jennapogue.co.uk
Line Dancing
Dance Styles: Line Dancing
Level: For All Ages!
How to find us: Midland Sports Centre, Cromwell Lane
Time: Every Tuesday Evening 7pm – 8pm
Price: £3 per person
Contact: Darren Butler
Telephone: 07972 360883
Email:
butler.darren@hotmail.co.uk
Web:
www.myspace.com/line_dance_coventry (external)
Love Ballet Dance Company
Dance styles: Ballet
Age group: 2.5yrs upwards
How to find us: The Grange Hall, Southam, Warwickshire
Contact: Lorraine Heath
Telephone: 07711 010404
Macklin Dance Studios
Dance styles: Ballet Tap
How to find us: Stretton on Dunsmore Village Hall.
Contact: Sarah McLeod
Telephone: 024 7661 2003
Marielle Dance Academy
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern, Stage Dance
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Jaguar Sports and Social Club, Capmartin Road, Radford.
Contact: Marie Bromwich
Telephone: 024 7647 4146
Mrittika Arts
Dance styles: Mrittika Arts, a registered charity, is an Indian dance teaching organisation with very experienced teachers. Classes run every Wednesday & Friday 6-7.30, 7.30-9pm at Clifford Bridge Primary School, Coombe Park Rd, Coventry (charge is £84 per 12 week term). Classes are available at beginners, intermediate and advanced levels in the classical dance styles Bharata Natyam (from 6 years of age). Anyone interested in learning Indian dance can become involved. The company is also available for performances and dance workshops to schools, colleges, community associations etc.
How to find us: 66 Bridgeacre Gardens.
Contact: Mrs Basanti Chatterjee - Artistic Director
Telephone: 024 76 453389
E-mail:
basanti.chatterjee@ntlworld.com
Contact Times: Between 9am and 9pm.
Languages Used: Bengali: English: Tamil: Malayalam: Sanskrit
Music Generation
Dance styles: Bhangra, Bollywood and South Asian contemporary. Suitable for Age group 7+
How to find us: St Paul's Family Hall, Foleshill Road, Foleshill Fire and Safety Centre, Foleshill Road, Finham Park School, Green Lane, and BBC Open Centre, City Centre
Contact: Ravi Sandhu
Telephone: 079 08 803 881
E-mail:
info@musicgeneration.co.uk
Web:
www.musicgeneration.co.uk (external)
Oakley School of Dancing
Dance styles: Tap, Modern Ballet
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: Dale Street Methodist Church.
Contact: Barbara O’Rourke
Telephone: 01926 426317
Orme School of Dancing
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap Modern, Jazz
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: Rochester Road, Earlsdon. Church Lane, Eastern Green.
Contact: Sandra Clarke
Telephone: 024 7646 7271
Pattison College - Three Year Musical Course (full time)
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Modern, Disco, Contemporary, Jazz
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: 90 Binley Road. Also at other venues around the city.
Contact: Theresa Hanks
Telephone: 024 7645 5031
Qetesh
Dance styles: Raqs Sharqi (Egyptian Style dance)
Age group: Adults
How to find us: Beechwood Lawn Tennis Club, Beechwood Avenue.
Contact: Diane Cox
Telephone: 024 7630 7385
Rhapsody Academy of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern, GCSE Dance, A Level Dance
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: Foxford School, Grange Road.
Contact: Yvette Caputo or Sandra Walker
Telephone: 024 7660 3012 / 024 7661 9754
SalsaDelic
Dance styles: Salsa (Cross-Body, Cuban, Bachata, Rueda, Merengue).
Age group: 18 years upward
How to find us: Regular salsa classes and parties at more than one venue, see website for details.
Website:
www.salsadelic.com
Email:
info@salsadelic.com
Contact: Graham Grimmet
Telephone: 07732 948 877
Sarah Cooke School of Dance
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Disco, Adult Tap, Adult Disco
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: Bubbenhall, Napton, Wellesborne, Dunchurch , Long Buckby.
Contact: Sarah Cooke
Telephone: 024 7651 1387
Shelly Academy of Dance
Dance styles: IDTA Ballet, Tap, Modern Dance, Gymnastic Dance
How to find us: 31 Hatters Court, Bedworth. Classes at Ernsford Grange Primary School.
Contact: Michelle Davis
Telephone: 024 7644 4978
Stay Dancing
Dance styles: Private Lessons for Modern, Ballroom, Latin, Sequence, Old Times
Age group: Adults
Contact: Stan and Yvonne Pitt
Telephone: 024 7646 9316
Shilton Dance Studio
Dance styles: Ballroom, Latin American
Age group: 18 years upward
How to find us: 154 Cromwell Lane, Westwood Heath.
Contact: Mr Shilton
Telephone: 024 7644 4978
Spirit Salsa
Dance styles: Salsa, Caribbean
Age group: 16 years upward
How to find us: West Indian Centre, 159 Spon Street (opposite Diva).
Contact: Thomas O’Flaherty
Telephone: 07730 368 592
Standard Triumph Modern Dance Club
Dance styles: Ballroom. Latin American
Age group: Matured Adults
How to find us: Standard Triumph Recreation Club, Tile Hill Lane.
Contact: Ron Walker
Telephone: 01926 851153
Stardust Dance Academy
Dance styles: Ballet, Tap, Theatre Craft, Disco, Adult Tap
Age group: 2 years upward
How to find us: Hearsall Baptist Church, Queensland Avenue.
Contact: Laura Simmonds
Telephone: 07904 912805
Street Dance with Liz
Dance styles: Street Dance.
How to find us: Leek Wooton Village Hall, Baginton Village.
Age group: 8-13 years, 14 years upward
Contact: Liz Squires
Telephone: 024 7650 2534
Stuart Carroll - Freelance Tap Teacher
Dance styles: Tap
Age group: 12 years upward
Contact: Stuart Carroll
Telephone: 07787 803 179
Susan West School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Modern, and GymAcro
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Tuesdays Risen Christ Church Hall, Wednesdays Wyken Croft Parish Hall And Thursdays Wyken Croft School
Contact: Della George
Telephone: 024 7661 5204
Website:
delmi@tiscali.co.uk (external)
Sylvia Bird School of Dancing
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Acro, Modern, Singing, Drama
Age group: 2½ years upward
How to find us: The Sylvia Bird Dance Centre, Brays Lane.
Contact: Sylvia Bird
Telephone: 024 7644 7069
Three Spires Dance School
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Jazz, Gymnastics, Modern
Age group: 3 years upward
How to find us: Three Spires Avenue, Coundon.
Contact: Elaine Ferry
Telephone: 024 7659 6597
Timms School of Dance
Dance styles: Tap, Ballet, Modern, Acro, Singing, Stage
Age Group: Age 2+
How to find us: Wyken Community Centre, Westmorland Road Coventry CV2 5BY
Contact: Denise Moore
Telephone: 024 76471143 07841 286277
Watermelon Dance Studio
Dance styles: Ballroom and Latin classes for beginners; Adult tap classes; Dance Fit exercise class based on jazz and ballet techniques (no dance experience necessary).
Age group: 16+
How to find us: At Kenilworth Youth and Community Centre and St Peter's Church Hall, Balsall Common. See website for more details.
Contact: Lotty Cross
Telephone: 07733 041595
Email:
charl.cross@googlemail.com
Website:
www.watermelondance.com (external)
Wolston Maverick Square Dance Club
Dance styles: American Square Dancing
Age group: 15 years upward
How to find us: Wolston Village Hall, Main Street. Monday nights 8pm – 10:30pm
Contact: Peter Dunbar
Telephone: 01455 824125
World Dance Groups
Dance styles: African, Flamenco, Bhangra, or Bollywood
Age group: Everyone catered for. Women, children and mixed groups.
How to find us: St Peters Community Centre, Charles St, CV1 5NP
Telephone: 024 7622 6849
E-mail:
bssomal@btconnect.com
All details were correct at time of publishing. Coventry City Council do not endorse any of the clubs, groups or organisations featured here and will not take any responsibility or liability for any agreements or legal contracts undertaken.